Extraskeletal outcome evidence included which of the following?

• A. Cancer
• B. Fracture risk
• C. Bone mineral density
• D. Visual acuity

Answer: (A)

Extraskeletal outcomes are non-bone effects evaluated in trials of bone-related therapies or supplementation. While bone mineral density and fracture risk measure how bones respond, extraskeletal outcomes look at other health effects beyond the skeleton. Cancer is a non-skeletal endpoint that has been explored in long-term calcium/vitamin D and osteoporosis studies to assess potential broader health impacts. Visual acuity isn’t a typical outcome in these contexts, and fracture risk or bone mineral density are explicitly skeletal outcomes, not extraskeletal.