Which of the following is a sign of EFAD?

• A. Scaly dermatitis
• B. Hyperlipidemia
• C. Weight gain
• D. Muscle weakness

Answer: (A)

Essential fatty acids are needed to maintain the skin’s barrier and normal inflammatory mediators. When EFAs are deficient, the skin cannot maintain its protective barrier, leading to a scaly, dermatitis-like rash. This is a classic, early sign of essential fatty acid deficiency, especially in patients receiving nutrition support without adequate lipid intake.

Other options don’t fit this pattern as well. Hyperlipidemia isn’t a typical marker of EFAD; EFAD more often presents with skin and barrier issues rather than high lipid levels in the blood. Weight gain and muscle weakness aren’t the hallmark signs of EFAD; while general malnutrition can affect muscle mass and weight, the distinctive skin changes are the key clue for EFAD.

In context, EFAD can develop when lipids are omitted or insufficient in parenteral nutrition, highlighting the importance of providing an appropriate lipid component to prevent these skin and barrier-related consequences.